By Jeff Kanters, NC State Extension Master GardenerSM volunteer of Durham County
“The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.” –Socrates
This is an installment in our ongoing series “The Budding Orchardist,” where Jeff Kanters, orchard team leader, shares his know-how on growing fruit.
It’s summertime, summertime, sum-sum-summertime as the song goes.
Among the many tasks the orchard team has during the growing season at Briggs Avenue Community Garden’s Teaching Orchard, the most critical for fruit trees is summer pruning. So, let’s explore the when, why, and how of that activity.
When: Proper Pruning Time in the Orchard
Whereas winter pruning is completed in January, summer pruning is completed by the summer solstice or June 21st. We strive to start the pruning by the middle of June to complete the pruning by the 21st of the month.
Why: Purposes of Summer Pruning Fruit Trees
While winter pruning corrects for shape, pruning the trees at peak summer manages the size of the tree by removing much of the accumulated sugars built from photosynthesis that are still held in the canopy of the trees. This is important because starting in July, the trees–having maxed out their summer growth–begin to move the sugars in their canopies down to the roots for storage during the upcoming winter. By reducing the amount of sugars moved to the roots at the right time, we reduce the overall vigor of the tree. With repeated summer pruning, we can keep the tree at a much smaller size for ease of future maintenance and fruit harvest. The orchard team of Master Gardener volunteers aims to maintain the fruit trees to a height of between 8 and 10 feet.
How: Proper Pruning Techniques for Fruit Trees
We prune out roughly two thirds of the current season’s canopy growth. This includes dead or diseased limbs, crossing limbs, limbs growing inward, downward or upward so the center of the tree is opened. We prune to outward facing buds to push a potential limb out from the center of the tree to more sunlight. This is an aggressive pruning, but our aim is to secure the long-term health of the tree. Trees that are overgrown in size are more prone to diseases, limbs breaking from the weight of excess fruit that is smaller and of lesser quality, and a hampered ability to manage and care for the tree. If fruit trees are left unpruned, they may reach heights of 20 to 25 feet tall, well beyond the reach of many homeowners and small orchards.
Summer pruned orchard rows at the Briggs Avenue Community Garden’s Teaching Orchard. Note the manageable size we keep the fruit trees for easy maintenance. (Image credit: Jeff Kanters)
In addition to size, shape matters. We prune our peaches and plums to an open bowl shape and our apples and pears to a central leader or Christmas tree shape. Both keep the inside of the tree open to maximize good air circulation, photosynthesis, healthy and higher quality fruit production, and ease of harvesting.
(Left to right) Summer pruned peach tree showing the open center bowl shape maintained for stone fruit trees and summer pruned pear tree showing the central leader or Christmas tree shape. This promotes is good air-circulation, which reduces disease pressure. (Image credit: Jeff Kanters)
Summer pruning is a necessity to ensure future success in achieving manageable-sized healthy trees that produce delicious fruit. And of course, all this advice applies to all fruit trees whether it be those in a small teaching orchard or one just outside your back door.
Resources and Additional Information
Below you will find references on growing and pruning fruit trees.
Fruit Trees (General)
- Grow a Little Fruit Tree: Simple Pruning Techniques for Small Space, Easy Harvest Fruit Trees; Dec 30,2014; Ann Ralph
- North Carolina Production Guide for Smaller Orchard Plantings: https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/north-carolina-production-guide-for-smaller-orchard-plantings
- North Carolina Extension Gardner Handbook, Chapter 15 Tree Fruits and Nuts: https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/extension-gardener-handbook/15-tree-fruit-and-nuts
Fruit Tree Pruning Basics
- https://lancaster.unl.edu/hort/articles/2002/pruningtools.shtml
- https://extension.oregonstate.edu/crop-production/fruit-trees/tree-pruning-basics
- https://extension.umaine.edu/fruit/growing-fruit-trees-in-maine/pruning/
- https://henderson.ces.ncsu.edu/2018/02/prune-your-fruit-trees-in-february/
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